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Height calculation for Spain

Status: Stable | Version: v1.0.0 (2026-08-28)

General description

  • Description: Static individual-tree model intended exclusively for height calculation (does not allow projections) for the main forest species in Spain
  • Target Species: Todas las especies forestales arbóreas de España (code: ``)
  • Application Region: Spain

Technical characteristics

  • Model Level: Individual tree
  • Allows Projection: No
  • Projection Time Step: 0 years
  • Notes: The stand calculation model allows, in addition to calculating heights, estimating other static variables such as biomass or volume without carrying out projections in time.

To view the step-by-step sequence of initialization, projection, and harvest, see the individual-tree model calculation flow diagram.

Required variables

To run this model in SIMANFOR, the initial inventory must include the following minimum data:

Plot level (Plots sheet)

  • Inventory and plot IDs
  • province (volume calculations)
  • biogeographical region, species composition, stand origin (for height calculation; defaults are used in their absence)

Tree level (Trees sheet)

  • Inventory, plot and tree IDs
  • species
  • expansion factor
  • dbh

Sample inventories

You can download the following sample inventories in Excel format to test this model:

Modules and equations

Breakdown of simulated biological processes and their methodological references:

  • Height-diameter relationship / height estimation: Vázquez-Veloso et al. (2025)

References and documentation

  • How to Cite this Model:

SIMANFOR, 2026. Static individual-tree model intended exclusively for height calculation (does not allow projections) for the main forest species in Spain (v1.0.0). https://www.simanfor.es

  • SIMANFOR Citation:

Bravo, F., Ordóñez, C., Vázquez-Veloso, A., Michalakopoulos, S., 2025. SIMANFOR cloud Decision Support System: Structure, content, and applications. Ecological Modelling 499, 110912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2024.110912

  • Technical Documentation: SIMANFOR Models Repository (GitHub)

  • Model Bibliography:

  • Vázquez-Veloso, Aitor, Yang, Sheng-I, Bullock, Bronson P., Bravo, Felipe (2025). One model to rule them all: A nationwide height–diameter model for 91 Spanish forest species. Forest Ecology and Management, 595, 122981. 10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122981